ERM can be used for educating managers for the rural operations of for-profit private/corporate companies. Of course, the traditional focus of institutes, like IRMA, was not merely on rural management but also on organisations owned by small producers, like dairy farmers. Here, alternative ownership is the key differentiating feature. It is possible to think about alternative ownership structures of this kind, such as worker- or consumer-owned companies and to visualise ERM as a space for creating managers for these alternative organisations. It is also possible to think of ERM as education for creating professionals in the public sector or NGOs.